EN
Манускрипт
  • Научная статья
  • 27 июля 2026
  • Открытый доступ

Ограниченная законность: специальные правовые режимы на территории Британской Индии в 1858-1937 годах

Полный
текст RU

Аннотация

Представленная статья посвящена анализу формирования и эволюции специальных правовых режимов на территории Британской Индии в 1858-1937 годах. Цель настоящего исследования – выявление особенностей и роли этих режимов в системе колониального управления Индией во второй половине XIX – первой трети XX века. Рассматриваются законодательные механизмы, с помощью которых колониальная администрация ограничивала действие общих правовых норм в отдельных регионах и устанавливала в них особый порядок управления. Основное внимание уделено закону об управлении Индией 1870 года, закону о «перечневых округах» 1874 года, их последующим модификациям, а также положениям реформ Монтегю – Челмсфорда 1919 года. В статье показано, что провозглашенная децентрализация и расширение участия общественных представителей в законотворчестве сочетались с последовательным расширением дискреционных полномочий исполнительной власти в отношении окраинных и племенных территорий. На основе анализа документальных материалов было установлено, что с 1858 по 1937 год в Британской Индии сформировалась многоуровневая система специальных правовых режимов, предусматривавшая возможность избирательного применения общего законодательства на отдельных территориях. Демонстрируется преемственность указанных правовых режимов вплоть до их формальной отмены в 1937 году и влияние этих режимов на последующее правовое устройство независимых Индии и Пакистана. Исследуемая в представленной статье тема ранее не подвергалась рассмотрению в отечественной историографии вследствие как своего узконаправленного характера, так и недостатка доступных источников по ней. Кроме того, процессы, связанные с правовым устройством Британской Индии, долгое время не являлись приоритетным направлением отечественных исследований южноазиатской истории. Научная новизна статьи заключается в том, что в ней впервые представляется комплексное описание особых механизмов правового регулирования в колониальной Индии.

Материалы исследования

  1. A Bill to declare and consolidate the law relating to the local extent of general Regulations and Acts, and the local limits of the jurisdiction of the High Courts and Chief Controlling Revenue Authorities // The Gazette of India. Published by Authority. No. 13. Calcutta, Saturday, March 26, 1870. Part V. Bills introduced into the Council of the Governor General of India for making Laws and Regulations, or published under Rule 19.
  2. A Bill to make further provision with respect to the Government of India. Presented by Mr. Secretary Montagu. L.: Published by His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1919.
  3. A Bill to relax the control in certain respects of the Governor General in Council over local Governments and to transfer to such Governments certain powers now exercisable by the Governor General in Council // The Gazette of India. Published by Authority. No. 36. Simla, Saturday, September 4, 1920. Part V. Bills introduced into the Council of the Governor General of India for making Laws and Regulations, Reports of Select Committees presented to the Council and Bills published under Rule 23.
  4. A Bill to repeal certain Obsolete Enactments and to amend certain other Enactments // The Gazette of India. Published by Authority. No. 42. Simla, Saturday, October 18, 1890. Part V. Bills introduced into the Council of the Governor General of India for making Laws and Regulations, or Reports of Select Committees presented to the Council.
  5. Abstract of the Proceedings of the Council of the Governor General of India assembled for the Purpose of making Laws and Regulations. 1870. With Index. Vol. IX. Published by the Authority of the Governor General. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1906.
  6. Abstract of the Proceedings of the Council of the Governor General of India assembled for the Purpose of making Laws and Regulations. 1873. With Index. Vol. XII. Published by the Authority of the Governor General. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1874.
  7. Abstract of the Proceedings of the Council of the Governor General of India assembled for the Purpose of making Laws and Regulations. 1874. With Index. Vol. XIII. Published by the Authority of the Governor General. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1875.
  8. Abstract of the Proceedings of the Council of the Governor General of India assembled for the Purpose of making Laws and Regulations. 1890, with Index. Vol. XXIX. Published by Authority of the Governor General. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, 1891.
  9. A Collection of the Acts passed by the Governor General of India in Council in the Year 1888. Calcutta: Printed by the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1889.
  10. A Collection of the Acts passed by the Governor General of India in Council in the Year 1891. Calcutta: Printed by the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, 1892.
  11. A Collection of the Acts passed by the Governor General of India in Council in the Year 1920. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, 1921.
  12. A Collection of the Public General Statutes passed in the Third and Fourth Years of the reign of His Majesty King William the Fourth: Being the Eighth Session of the Eleventh Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. L.: Printed by George Eyre and Andrew Spottiswoode, Printers to the King’s most Excellent Majesty, 1833.
  13. A Collection of the Public General Statutes passed in the Twenty-first and Twenty-second Years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria: Being the Second Session of the Seventeenth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. L.: Printed by George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, Printers to the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, 1858.
  14. A Collection of the Public General Statutes passed in the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria: Being the Third Session of the Eighteenth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. L.: Printed by George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, Printers to the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, 1861.
  15. An Act to ascertain the enactments in force in various parts of British India, and for other purposes // A Collection of the Acts passed by the Governor General of India in Council in the Year 1874. Act No. XIV.
  16. An Act to make better provision for making laws and regulations for certain parts of India, and for certain other purposes relating thereto // The Public General Acts passed in the Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Years of the Reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria; Being the Second Session of the Twentieth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: With an Index and Tables showing the Effect of the Year’s Legislation. Chap. 3. 1870.
  17. Government of India. Home Department. Notifications. Public. Delhi, the 2nd January 1923 // The Gazette of India. Extraordinary. Published by Authority. Delhi, Tuesday, January 2, 1923.
  18. Government of India. Reforms Office. Notification. No. 767-F. Simla, July 27, 1920 // The Gazette of India. Extraordinary. Published by Authority. Simla, Thursday, July 29, 1920.
  19. Government of India. Reforms Office. Notifications. Delhi, January 3, 1921 // The Gazette of India. Extraordinary. Published by Authority. Delhi, Monday, January 3, 1921.
  20. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Third Series: Commencing with the Accession of William IV. 33° Victoriæ, 1870. Vol. CXCIX.Comprising the Period from the Eighth Day of February 1870, to the Fifteenth Day of March 1870. L.: Published by Cornelius Buck, at the Office for “Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates”, 1870a.
  21. Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, Third Series: Commencing with the Accession of William IV. 33° Victoriæ, 1870. Vol. CC.Comprising the Period from the Sixteenth Day of March 1870, to the Twenty-ninth Day of April 1870. L.: Published by Cornelius Buck, at the Office for “Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates”, 1870b.
  22. Home Department. Notifications. Public. The 1st October, 1922 // The Gazette of India. Published by Authority. No. 40. Simla, Saturday, October 7, 1922. Part I. Government of India Notifications, Appointments, Promotions, etc.
  23. Joint Select Committee on the Government of India Bill, Vol. I. Report and Proceedings of the Committee. L.: Published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1919.
  24. Journals of the House of Commons. From February the 4th, 1919, in the Ninth and Tenth Years of the Reign of King George the Fifth, to December the 23th, 1919. Session 1919. Printed by Order of the House of Commons, for the Controller of H. M. Stationery Office, Printer of the Journals of the House of Commons, by Eyre and Spottiswoode, Ltd.
  25. Journals of the House of Commons. From February the 8th, 1870, in the Thirty-third Year of the Reign of Queen Victoria, to August the 10th, 1870, in the Thirty-fourth Year of the Reign of Queen Victoria. Session 1870. Printed by Order of the House of Commons, by Henry Hansard, Printer to the House of Commons.
  26. Journals of the House of Lords beginning Anno Tricesimo Tertio Victoriæ, 1870. Volume CII. L.: Printed by George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, Printers to the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, and to the House of Lords, MDCCCLXX.
  27. Notification. Delhi, December 16, 1920 // The Calcutta Gazette. No. 51. Wednesday, December 22, 1920. Part IA. Orders and Notifications by the Government of India.
  28. Secretariat of the Governor General (Reforms). Notification. New Delhi, the 14th August 1947. No. G.G.O. 14 // The Gazette of India. Extraordinary. Published by Authority. New Delhi, Thursday, August 14, 1947a.
  29. Secretariat of the Governor General (Reforms). Notification. New Delhi, the 14th August 1947. No. G.G.O. 22 // The Gazette of India. Extraordinary. Published by Authority. New Delhi, Thursday, August 14, 1947b.
  30. Smith V. A. The Oxford History of India. From the Earliest Times to the end of 1911. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1919.
  31. Statutory Rules and Orders other than Those of a Local, Personal or Temporary Character for the Year 1936 (Two Volumes). Volume I comprising Preface and the Titles Aden to Milk and Dairies. Published by Authority. L.: Printed and published by His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1937.
  32. Statutory Rules and Orders other than Those of a Local, Personal or Temporary Character for the Year 1937 and also Appendix of Prerogative Orders; Numerical List of General Orders; Classified List of Local Orders; Tables shewing Effect of Legislation; and Index. Published by Authority. L.: Printed and published by His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1938.
  33. The Cambridge History of India: In Six Vols. / ed. by H. H. Dodwell. Cambridge: At the University Press, 1932. Vol. VI. The Indian Empire, 1858-1918.
  34. The Devolution Bill // The Gazette of India. Published by Authority. No. 38. Simla, Saturday, September 18, 1920. Part VI. Proceedings of the Indian Legislative Council.
  35. The Parliamentary Debates (Official Report). Fifth Series – Volume XIX. Fifth Session of the Thirtieth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 5 and 6 George V. House of Lords. Second Volume of Session 1914-15, comprising period from Thursday, 3rd June, 1915, to Wednesday, 20th October, 1915. London: Printed under the Authority of His Majesty's Stationery Office by Harrison and Sons, Printers in Ordinary to His Majesty, 1915.
  36. The Public General Acts passed in the Fifth and Sixth Years of the Reign of His Majesty King George the Fifth; Being the Fifth Session of the Thirtieth Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. With an Index, and Tables showing the Effect of the Year’s Legislation on the Public General Acts; Also the Titles of Local and Private Acts arranged consecutively and in Classes. Published by Authority. L.: Printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode, Limited, for Frederick Atterbury, Esq., C.B., King’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.
  37. The Public General Acts passed in the Ninth and Tenth Years of the Reign of His Majesty King George the Fifth; Being the First Session of the Thirty-first Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. With an Index, and Tables showing the Effect of the Year’s Legislation on the Public General Acts; Also the Titles of Local and Private Acts arranged consecutively and in Classes. Published by Authority. L.: Printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode, Limited, for William Richard Codling, Esq., C.B.E., M.V.O., King’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.
  38. The Public General Acts passed in the Twenty-sixth Year of the Reign of His Majesty King George the Fifth and the First Year of the Reign of His Majesty King Edward the Eighth being the First Session of the Thirty-seventh Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Church Assembly Measures which received the Royal Assent during that Session with Tables of the Titles, the Effect of Legislation and an Index (in Two Volumes). Volume I. Table of the Titles and Public General Acts, Chapters 1 to 42. L.: Printed by Eyre and Spottiswoode Limited for Sir William Richard Codling, C.B., C.V.O., C.B.E., the King’s Printer of Acts of Parliament.
  39. The Unrepealed General Acts of the Governor General in Council: With Chronological Table and Index. From 1873 to 1886, both inclusive. Vol. II. Fifth Edition. Calcutta: Government of India Central Publication Branch, 1929.

Источники

  1. Антонова К. А., Бонгард-Левин Г. М., Котовский Г. Г. История Индии. Краткий очерк. М.: Мысль, 1973.
  2. Юрлов Ф. Н., Юрлова Е. С. История Индии. XX век. М.: Институт востоковедения Российской академии наук, 2010.
  3. Barua T. Return of the Frontier: Understanding the Demands for Inner Line in Northeast India // Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. 2017. Vol. 42. No. 3.
  4. Hopkins B. D. The Frontier Crimes Regulation and Frontier Governmentality // The Journal of Asian Studies. 2015. Vol. 74. No. 2.
  5. Kolsky E. The Colonial Rule of Law and the Legal Regime of Exception: Frontier “Fanaticism” and State Violence in British India // The American Historical Review. 2015. Vol. 120. No. 4.
  6. Likhovski A. A Colonial Legal Laboratory? Jurisprudential Innovation in British India // The American Journal of Comparative Law. 2021. Vol. 69. No. 1.
  7. Ray R.Interrupted Sovereignties in the North East Frontier of British India, 1787-1870 // Modern Asian Studies. 2019. Vol. 53. No. 2.
  8. Simpson T. Bordering and Frontier-Making in Nineteenth-Century British India // The Historical Journal. 2015. Vol. 58. No. 2.

Информация об авторах

Зевацкий Тимофей Юрьевич

Санкт-Петербургский государственный технологический институт (технический университет)

Информация о статье

История публикации

  • Поступила в редакцию: 8 июня 2026.
  • Опубликована: 27 июля 2026.

Ключевые слова

  • Британская Индия
  • законы об управлении Индией
  • реформы Монтегю – Челмсфорда
  • перечневые округа Индии
  • слаборазвитые районы Индии
  • British India
  • Government of India Acts
  • Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
  • Scheduled Districts of India
  • backward tracts of India

Copyright

© 2026 Автор(ы)
© 2026 ООО Издательство «Грамота»

Лицензионное соглашение

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)